Unethical Advertisement in the philippines

Unethical Advertisement in the philippines From this phenomenon, advertisers seize the opportunity to maximize its profit, thus increasing competition in finding ways to captivate the attention of millions of potential consumers to buy their products. This competitive environment pressures advertisers to go beyond the tradition and find new ways to mesmerize the potential consumers. Most of the time, advertisers would sacrifice ethics along the way just to reach their goal in persuading people to buy their products. Even big companies like McDonalds are guilty of this. McDonalds would lure kids to buy their unhealthy meal of hamburgers and soft drinks by giving away free toys when kids purchase a whole meal. Advertisement like these, which crosses the boundaries of ethics, is against consumers right. Unfortunately, here in the Philippines, most consumers are not aware of their right. Unlike in America and other liberal countries where even the colossal corporations are not spared from their unjust advertisements, most Filipino consumers tend to see these unjust advertisements as a part of promotions like there is nothing wrong with seeing women posing sexually just to promote a jewelry, women and men wearing underwear only, products promising an exaggerated truth like a 360 degree damage control hair with in 7 days or even asking influential imaged celebrities to promote alcohol. Maybe the consumers are oblivious to the ethics of advertising because of the majority of the Filipino consumers cannot differentiate ethical from unethical advertisement. This research paper will hope to elucidate on the unethical advertising and the status of the consumers against such ads. It will first define the characteristics of advertising and ethics. Then proceed to the ethical boundaries advertisers cross. To support the suppositions of the research, there are statistical figures that would showcase the opinions and stands of Metro Manila Filipino consumers on the dilemma of unethical advertising. In this paper, the most observed unethical factors in the Philippines which majority, if not all, advertisements violate one way or the other is claiming unrealistic promises, using of psychological impact on potential consumers or promoting of harmful products. Advertising in its simplest characteristic is a medium of communication use to inform consumers about a product. Advertisers, agencies, the media and audiences are all part of a larger environment, influencing and being influenced by a network of forces that includes the economy, government, interest groups and society at large (Arens, 2004, p. 55). The general atmosphere created by these external elements is the advertising environment. This environment is a complex and ever-changing dynamo (OGuinn, Allen, Semenik, 2005, p. 125). It has developed from simple statements, in the start of advertising existence, to a multibillion-dollar, global industry. The growth of these industries leads to the increase of consumerism which is one factor of the development of advertising environment. The more products that are available dictate a greater need for the diversity of these products to be known, thus steps in the communication device known as advertising and the advertising practitioner (Spence, Heekeren, 2005, p. 17). This is the importance of advertising. It is the purpose of the advertiser to communicate to the consumer that a particular brand or product is the most worthy of purchase and use (Bovee, 1995). Therefore, the pressure given to the advertisers by the company is enormous. For the positive outlook, this intense pressure for the income of the advertisers brings forth creativity in capturing the interest of consumers. At its worst, it leads to advertising campaigns that not only push the boundaries of societal acceptance but also go beyond acceptable norms, thus creating ethical problems and dilemmas. These ethical dilemmas differ in every place. This is because of the vast interpretation on what ethics is. Ethics can be simply defined as a set of prescriptive rules, principles, values, and virtues of character that inform and guide interpersonal and intrapersonal conduct; that are the conduct of people toward each other and the conduct of people toward themselves (Spence, Heekeren, 2005, p. 2). If this definition taken into consideration, ethics therefore differ from the reasoning of each individual. When the common reasoning of each individual is combined, universally accepted ethical rules and principles are applied by the majority (Jhally, 1990). This is also known as the codes of ethics. The codes of ethics would help in determining if the advertisement would be considered Unethical advertising is a serious issue especially here in Metro Manila because consumers are exposed approximately more than a hundred ads a day through different medium available. In addition, most Metr o Manila consumers barely have a clue on unethical advertising. Therefore allowing such unprincipled acts of advertisers to continue that could eventually harm the society. After all, it has already been mentioned that advertising does have the power to influence each individuals decision and lifestyle and thus the whole society itself. Parent with at least one kid who is not yet of legal age In dissecting further, figure 1.1 exhibits the different segments of Metro Manila consumer awareness on unethical advertising. As shown in the figure above, only 5% of the highschool students and college students know nothing about unethical advertising. Meanwhile, 50 % and more of the single working consumer and the parent consumer recognize unethical advertising. Therefore, it could be said that teenagers below 18 years are still partly innoncent when it comes to unethical advertising. As well as, more than 50% of the population barely knows the essence of unethical advertising. The awareness rate mentioned above is not a good start for consumerism. It is the right of the consumers to be given correct, clear and reliable information (Bovee, Arens, 1986, p. 63). But without the consumers awareness of its right, advertisers can get away with most of the ethical dilemma. The ethical dilemma with commercial advertising of the consumers right to information, is that the persuasion, under the disguise of information, which not only deceptive, in addition, it can have harmful consequences both for the targeted consumers as well as for the community (Spence, Heekeren, 2005). Especially after the expansion of media, targeted consumers as well as the whole community are frequently exposed to advertisements which intensify the probability of the occurrence of the harmful consequences. Unfortunately, an ordinary consumers cannot avoid being exploited to at least a thousand ads per day (Jones, 2000). Portrayed in the figure 2.1, is the opinion of Metro Manila consumers in the array of advertisements they are exposed to everyday. As, visualized in the graph, the color violet representing 150-200 array and the color tortoise representing 200 onwards array has a total of 3 out of 56 participants enlisted in that cluster. While most of the consumer categories have colors red representing 50 -100 array and green representing 100-150 array, which sums up to a total of 41 out of 56 participants claiming to have exposed around 50-150 ads everyday to most of the individual with no discrimination. Insofar, the figure shows that the majority of the consumers assume they are exposed to at least 50 advertisements per day. A range tremendously lower than Jones (2000) claim of consumers exposure to a thousand advertisements. The cause of such claim that most consumers are exposed to a high number of advertisements is advertisers are very skillful in creating advertisements that will be in plain sight of the consumers in their everyday hassle in life, to give it an unavoidable characteristic. Consumers are so well-researched and targeted that they can be covertly seduced by a strategy that surrounds them and that infiltrates their physical and mental space, often without their realization (OGuinn, Allen, Semenik, 2005, p. 88). Hence, most Metro Manila consumers lose track of the number of advertisements they are exposed to, believing its less than 200 and not otherwise. Thus, an ordinary individual is bombarded with more artistic communication than they can handle and most of the time without their knowledge. This frequency of artistic communication existing creates a clutter which is a barrier to effective communication (Parker, 2006, p. 44). This is the reason why advertisers think outside of the box for a breakthrough possibility. In order to stay competitive in this cluttered media landscape, the architects of advertising need to be creating advertising that does not look, feel, smell or taste like the generic advertising that the new media-savvy and sophisticated consumers have become used to (Spence, Heekeren, 2005, p. 17). To achieve that goal, advertisers try to find effective channels of communication. From traditional channels of TV, radio, posters and newspapers, advertisers embrace the new medium of communication, technologies such as internet and other digital media. Although being in the third world country like Philippines, the tradi tional medium is still thriving. Represented in figure 3.1, Metro Manila consumers are exposed to different types of advertising medium frequently. As interpreted by the graph, the predominant medium that most Metro Manila consumers are exposed to is TV leading by 9 marks against billboard the 2nd dominant advertising medium. Notice that through out the different categories of consumers printed ads like posters, flyers and brochures are low. It might also the factor that billboards and TV are almost unavoidable compared to brochures and flyers. So this shows that traditional advertising communication like TV in the Philippines is still a fad. Though, new approaches like online advertisements are still progressing. These three figures that were just shown exhibit the demographics of the Metro Manila consumers in relation to advertising and its ethics. With the results shown Metro Manila consumers need some consumer rights educational background to help understand what the advertisers are getting away with. Out of the two-digit estimate of ethical issues the advertisers face, three commonly violated are unrealistic promises, use of psychological impact and promotion of harmful product (Spence, Heekeren, 2005). These ethical issues are evident almost everywhere, including the Philippines. After all, advertising addresses people primarily as consumers creating a similar advertising environment almost everywhere (Schultz, 1990, p. 28). The first and most obvious unethical line most advertisers cross without second thoughts is claiming unrealistic promises. One of the most common short-term arguments about advertising is that it is so frequently deceptive. For advertising to be effective, consumers must have confidence in it. So any kind of deception not only detracts from the complete information principle of free enterprise but also risks being self-defeating (Bovee, Arens, 1986, p. 68). A most common example seen by the majority is whitening cream; Use this product and get whiter skin in just 7 days! This whitening cream advertisement gave a promise of whiter skin in just 7 days without genuine evidence of its claim. This kind of deception may profit business firms in the short-term but create a greater harm in the long-run (Lane, Russell, 2001). For the short-term, consumers will purchase the product, but once they figured it is ineffective the purchasing will stop and the sales will go down. Advertisement does not have to be literally true, but an advertisement that is designed to deceive or mislead a consumer is a different matter (Belch, Belch, 2007, p. 224). This is the situation in which the use of puffery in advertising comes under inquiry. Puffery, which is a common practice in advertising, is not considered illegal in most countries even here in the Philippines. This is because puffery is an expression of opinion not made as a representation of a fact (Bovee, Arens, 1986, p. 57). It is the key reason why consumers have the expectation that advertising will stretch the truth rather than express the truth. Shown in figure 4.1 is the perspective of Metro Manila consumers on the categories of unethical advertising. As measured in the graph above, advertising on harmful product and exaggerated truths are ranked 1st and 2nd place as the most viewed unethical category in advertising. From a total of 56 consumers who answered the survey, 55 considered exaggerated truths as unethical and 49 considered ads on harmful products are unethical. Confirming, that most consumers, even in Metro Manila, does have the expectation that advertising will stretch the truth rather than express the truth. A dilemma such as this exists because of no legally backing against it. Stated in The Law on Obligations and Contracts under Title 2 Contracts, Chapter 2 Essential Requisites of Contracts, Section 1 Consent, Article 1340, is The usual exaggerations in trade, when the other party had an opportunity to know the facts are not in themselves fraudulent (De Leon, 2003, p. 128). Explained by De Leon (2003), it is the natural tendency for advertisers to resort to exaggerations in their attempt to make a reasonable profit of the business firm. Customers are expected to know how to take care of their concerns and to rely own independent judgment. Anyone who relies on said exaggerations does so at his own risk. So in essence, the notion of puffery refers to exaggerated claims, comments, commendations, or hyperbole for consumers to based on their own subjective views and opinions. It is generally considered to be part of the artfulness and playfulness of advertising and should not be taken serio usly by reasonably consumers (Jones, 2000, p.86). For the second ethical issue the advertisers trespass is playing mind games with the target consumers by using psychological impact on them. It has already been established that the role of advertising is to creatively show potential consumer products or services in a way that persuades them to buy or at least feel positive towards those products or services. Advertising also often seeks to persuade primarily by an appeal to sentiment rather by an appeal to intellect (Schultz, 1990, p.32). Some examples are advertisements that associate products with feelings of well-being, fun, humor, freedom, romance, glamour loved ones and such. Gigantic industries like Coca-cola, Pepsi and McDonalds could be observed using such types of ads internationally. Even though these advertisements are said to appeal the consumers intellectually and emotionally, advertising cannot create primary demand in mature product categories (OGuinn, Allen, Semenik, 2005, p. 125). This theory is also agreed upon by the Metro Manila consumers in their survey. *5 being the highest Figure 5.1 has a graph about the belief of Metro Manila consumers on how advertisements influence their decisions. As proven in the figure, there are more than 50% of the participants in the high-school category who answered 4 and 3 compared to the other categories where at least 50% of their participants answered 2 and 1. This could mean that younger participants are more influenced to ads compared to adults. Therefore advertisements appealing to intellectual are effective especially to the innocent consumers. So, in those cases, the ads are not intended as true representations of reality or as narratives that correspond to the truth, but rather as rhetorical and metaphorical evocations that are designed to appeal to the consumers emotions and aspirations for the purpose of creating positive and alluring images for the products in the minds of the consumers (Lane, Russell, 2001, p. 91). Therefore, truth could be simply not relevant in advertisements. Seventy-four percent of American consumers either strongly or somewhat strongly believe that most advertisements deliberately stretch the truth about the products they advertise, claims Jhally (1990, p. 103). This statistics would not really surprise most consumers, since advertising is a form communication that does its best to stretch the truth in order to create some profit. As communication genre, it wants you to believe and dispel belief in the same breath (Burton, Purvis, 1991, p. 23). The last line advertisers cross to earn millions, is accepting assignments in which harmful products are to be advertised. In particular, advertising for alcohol and tobacco products have been a controversy in most countries claiming to encourage consumers to use unhealthy products. Some countries, such as Canada, Finland and Philippines, have completely banned cigarette companies from advertising their product. While other countries, such as United States and Australia are very successful in anti smoking campaigns in which cigarette advertising is not entirely banned but all public places are banned from smoking (Arens, 2004). The government does possess the right to intercede, when it believes it needs to, in order to restore a health environment for the majority. In most advertising environments, administrators have embraced what they label a self-regulatory model, in effect establishing a situation in which the industry or profession is doing the regulating with varying degrees o f contribution from other stakeholders, including the government (Burton, Purvis,1991, p. 12). In the Philippines, the government, employing Burton, Purvis self-regulatory model, utilized its power in banning cigarette advertisements. Such action is required by the government, the reduction if not absolute elimination, for the benefit of the majority in the society. Exhibited in figure 6.1 are the responses Metro Manila consumers on government banning cigarette companies to advertise. As, portrayed above, around 55% do agree that cigarette companies should be banned in advertising. While around 5% disagree with the majority. The irony is in figure 4.1 49 out of 56 believes that it is unethical for advertisers to advertise harmful products while in this figure only 32 out of 56 believes that cigarette ads should be banned. Advertisements such as these should be effectively self-regulated. Effective self-regulation calls for the development of a commitment to the wider community, no just to a business firms consumers. In this regard, a process of consultation between industry, consumers and government is established as each has a role to play to make the system work (Belch, Belch, 2007, p. 89). Government offers a public policy perspective, whereas business firms offer the alternative view to a regulatory environment (Burton, Purvis,1991). Consumers input are just as important in order to maintain relevance and confidence in the system. Especially now, where the advertising industry gets intense in competing for consumers limited resource of time by seizing their attention to withhold interest in the advertised product, ignoring the moral obligation they have as advertisers to the consumers. Therefore, in this immense competition there is a chance that most, if not all, advertisements have already cro ss the border of ethics. This research paper has discussed on unethical advertising in the Philippines. Unfortunately, in-depth discussion on the Filipino consumers perspective on ethics, advertising strategies and theories practiced in the Philippines and rules and issues of unethical advertising present in the Philippines has not been fulfilled. This is because of the very few past researches done in this topic. The lack of sources on Filipino consumers perspective of ethics gave need of conducting surveys, which results are shown in the figures presented in this paper. However, the sampled used in the survey is not big enough giving a possibility on a significant error percentage. In addition, the survey has not been conducted throughout Metro Manila, the heart of Philippines commerce, but just a part of Metro Manila. So the survey reference is not enough for more in-depth discussion on the issues where the line of ethics would be drawn for Filipino consumers. For the advertising strategies conducted, theories practiced, rules implemented and issues seen on unethical advertising in the Philippines discussed in this paper, the references used were written by foreign authors with a very credible background. They wrote regarding on advertising theories, examples, issues and ideals based on the western countries. Regrettable, most of the authors have not conducted researches on the advertising scenario in the Philippines. Although, some theories are applicable everywhere, the culture and economic position of the Philippines is really different from the western. This research paper selected references consisting of theories applicable ubiquitously so that it could be used to study unethical advertising in the Philippines. Furthermore, the time allotted for this research paper was very limited for a more extensive research. With a two month time allotment, not all useful resources were gathered. Resources were limited to the books available at the university library. Likewise, the time allotted for the survey was approximately two days. Consequently, not much respondents were sought in a very short period, sacrificing the accuracy of the results. The recommendation to improve the credibility of the research paper due to lack of written resources is interviewing credible persons. A well-renowned Filipino anthropologist may give answers on the culture of ethics in the Philippines. Another recommended interviewee are marketing or advertising managers, because they have put into practice the theories and understood which one is applicable in the Philippines. Although, there is lacking written resources about unethical advertising, written resources should not be entirely forgone. Resources such as Advertising Ethics by Spence, E., Heekeren, B. V. and International advertising: Realities and myths by Jones, J. P. , are needed for conducting this study. These resources would greatly help in building the foundation for this research. With the interview and written resources, the survey should also be a part of the research. This research method would gather information from the individual directly involve in the research at hand. It would be best if more time is allotted here, to disperse the survey form different parts of the Philippines or at least the Metro Manila and to increase the number of respondents for lower statistical percentage error of the survey. Over all, the existence of unethical advertising is evident everywhere even here in the Philippines. It is evidently seen in the unrealistic promises made by business firm to promote sales. Even harmful products are being advertised without shame just to profit. The advertisers are also becoming masters in playing with the minds of their potential consumers. This psychological impact on consumers particularly on children is shamelessly used even by big companies like McDonalds. Consumers at the very least should be aware of these unethical strategies.

Management Changes Affects Employee Morale

Management Changes Affects Employee Morale As the world changes, many organization may create changes to their company structure in order to remain successful and look good amongst shareholders. These organizational changes may be beneficial for the company overall. However, it may affect the remaining employee’s morale. Some organizations changes such as layoffs, reduce work hours, a stagnate in benefits increases and rewards may result in management trying to figure out a way to motivate and gain employees trust and loyalty.Layoffs When an organization experiences a downturn in the economy, they may be force to perform employee layoffs. Organizations such as the Boeing Company  announced in September 2001, that they will be cutting 10,000 jobs which is caused by the U. S. airlines to decrease operational capacity by about 20% due to traffic reductions. Airlines are expected to park older aircraft and defer deliveries of newly built transports as they trim their operational fleets (Smith B. (2001)).The Boeing Company  is an American  multinational  aerospace  and defense corporation that was founded in 1916 and is the largest exporter by value in the United States (Smith B. (2001)). This layoffs will created a shortage of aerospace jobs and has created a tough hiring environment for unemployed workers. Brockner, J. (1992) stated that â€Å"if the layoffs are mismanaged, thereby hampering survivors' productivity and morale, then the organization stands to lose a sizeable portion of the savings it hoped to achieve by introducing layoffs. Even though employee layoffs may allow organizations to cut jobs and safeguard relationships with the existing employee this can be create a challenge to the remaining employees in that, they may experience excessive stress of increase workload, lack of motivation and they may consider searching for a new place of employment to reduce redundancy. Heathfield, S, M (2010) stated that â€Å"employees experience a n increased level of stress relating to both the increased workload and your distrust of management. Depending on how respectfully the layoffs were handled with their organization, this distrust may run deep. This may cause distrust with the employee and the organization. Employees may be less motivated to complete assigned work when coworkers depart from an organization due to layoffs. According to Adler, N. (2008) â€Å"motivation is a passion to work for reasons that go beyond money or status a a propensity to pursue goals with energy and persistence. † One would suggest that to motivate these individuals could consist of bringing in bake goods to work or have a potluck with existing coworkers. This could motivate the remaining employees to work towards a successful work performance and accomplishing team goals.Searching for a new place of employment to reduce redundancy is common in organizations when layoff occurs. According to Heathfield, S, M (2010) â€Å"Research ind icates that many employees polish up their resumes and begin a job search which can help the downsizing survivor feel more in control of their situation. † Employees could be fearful to be unemployed due the many responsibility of life such as child care expenses and bill payments. Child care expenses could include child support payment, food and clothes while bill payments could include mortgage, rent and utilities. Child care expenses and bill payments is essential to one’s life.A decline or shortage in salary for childcare expenses and bill payments and could result in one child or children being uncared for and one could become homeless. Reduce work hours Management changes can include reduction in work hours for employee, early-retirement and furloughs. Pierce, J. L. ; Dunham, R. B. (1992) conduct a research on police officer responses to changes to their work schedule from a rotating eight hour shift to a compacted 12 hour shift which includes personal activities, work schedule attitudes, stress and fatigue and concluded that â€Å"employees was not satisfied with the result†.One would suggest that the organization give the employee ample time to prepare for the individual wages to be reduced in that the employee can be proactive and make changes that can affect them in their personal life. Some of these proactive measures could include speaking with loan officers to refinance personal loan, cut back on dinning expenses or discontinue insurance plans or retirement matching plans. Even though furloughs may temporarily aid organization on reducing pay cuts in staying in business employee may choose not to return to work after being furlough or the employee may consider to ind another place of employment. Organization may offer senior employees early retirement as another method for to reduce operation cost during an economy downturn. Senior management and those who have been working for an organization the longest usually make the highe st salaries and have the best benefits package Bradley J, B. ; Demand M. (2011). Early retirement of senior employees may result in can result lost of unspoken knowledge over a long run. One would suggest that the organization. Some organizations perform furloughs in economy recession. A furlough is mandatory time off for an employee.For non-exempt employees, the employer doesn’t pay the employee when the employee is not at work. However, exempt employees are required to take a mandatory full workweek off without pay (marylandnonprofit. org). Salary reduction of any kind can also be hardened on the employee where as the individuals may also have to limit expenses in order to afford to pay for regular expenses. Benefits and rewards Benefits reductions and canceling educing reward are other ways for organization to cut back on operation expenses. Benefit reductions are yet another way to cut back on expenses.An employer may have to discontinue some insurance plans, reduce or el iminate retirement plan matches or contributions, or require employees to pay higher co-pays and deductibles on health and/or dental insurance (marylandnonprofit. org). Organizations changes such as layoffs, reduce work hours and a stagnate in benefits increase and rewards affects employee morale in that, employees consider a new place of employment or retire earlier than expected. Employees may also be less motivated to accomplish goal or become stress from work overload as a result from their past co-workers who have left the organization.Mossholder, K. W. , Richardson, H. A. , ; Settoon, R. P. (2011) stated that â€Å"employees are encourages perceiving that developing and maintaining relationships creates a tacit social resource from which to draw when pursuing more complex or ambiguous goals. Relationships among employees will be more lasting than in market pricing climates, for they serve as an asset that has value for both extrinsic and intrinsic reasons. † References Adler, N. (2008). International Dimensions of Organizational Behavior. (5th ed. ). Mason, OH: Cengage Learning. Brockner, J. (1992). Managing the effects of layoffs on survivors.California Management Review, 34(2), 9-28. Retrieved from http://web. ebscohost. com. ezproxy. umuc. edu/ Smith B. (2001). Boeing  cuts delivery estimates, prepares for major  layoffs. Aviation Week and Space Technology, 155(13), 29-p+, 2p. Retrieved from http://ehis. ebscohost. com. ezproxy. umuc. edu/ Chatterjee, N. (2009). A study on organizational culture and its effect on employee retention. Journal of Management, 2(2), 147. Retrieved from http://proquest. umi. com. ezproxy. umuc. edu/ Pierce, J. L. ; Dunham, R. B. (1992). The 12-hour work day: A 48-hour, eight-day week.Academy of Management Journal, 35(5), 1086-1098. doi: 10. 2307/256542 Michel, A. , Stegmaier, R. , ; Sonntag, K. (2010). I scratch your back – you scratch mine. Do procedural justice and organizational identification matter fo r employees’ cooperation during change?. Journal of Change management, 10(1), 41-59. doi: 10. 1080/14697010903549432 Mossholder, K. W. , Richardson, H. A. , ; Settoon, R. P. (2011). Human Resources systems and helping in organizations: A relational perspective. Academy of Management Review, 36(1), 33-52. doi:10. 5465/AMR. 2011. 55662500 Heathfield, S, M (2010).How to Cope When Coworkers Lose Their  Jobs. Retrieve from http://humanresources. about. com/od/layoffsdownsizing/a/survivors_cope. htm Bradley J, B. ; Demand M. (2011). What Are the Reasons Why Organizations Offer Early Retirement Plans. Retrieve from http://smallbusiness. chron. com/reasons-organizations- offer-early-retirement-plans-110. html Maryland Nonprofit. Retrieve October 25, 2011 from http://www. marylandnonprofits. org/ html/support/documents/Lay-offsinaToughEconomy. pdf Hennigan W. J. (2011). Boeing cutting 900 jobs at Long Beach C-17 plant. Retrieve from

Literature Review The Class Collage By Jeff Sommers

Genre Analysis Introduction Peer-reviewed articles are written by experts generally in a professional community. These articles are reviewed by a number of experts in the same professional field before getting published. Peer-reviewed insures the credibility and quality of the article is reliable for the discourse community. Scholarly articles that are published in a professional community are quite similar to scholarly articles that are not published in a professional community. â€Å"The Class Collage† by Jeff Sommers is an article that’s about the reflective writing process of students as they transfer knowledge through their writing experience. â€Å"Sweatshops, Choice, and exploitation† by Matt Zwolinski is about the ethical questions that†¦show more content†¦Zwolinski’s article contains a larger amount of footnotes compared to Sommers’s article. The endnotes on each article appear before the work cited page. There are 75 end notes in Zwolinski’s article , while Sommers’s article on the other hand, only had 3 end notes. First point of view is invoked in both articles through the usage of the words I, my, myself, we, our. The authors behind the writing both inflicted a didactic tone to educate the readers about their topic and their argument. Zwolinski’s article also showed a different tone that is a contemplative tone when he reflected on the ethical issue of sweatshops. Along with the tone of the articles, both also showed usage of italicizing words to show emphasis. Other stylistic feature that was apparent in the articles is the utilization parenthesis and rhetorical questions. Before the introduction, an abstracted is included. The information that it entails is a short summary that is to the point about the whole articles main ideas and objective. Along with the abstract, both articles have headings that start with an introduction, and end with a conclusion. Both have headings for each main point that need to be a ddress. The only difference is that sommer’s article had bolded headings that were stationed at the left side of the paper while Zwolinski’s article had italicized headings that were stationed in the middle of the

French Weather Vocabulary

Essay on Evolution The Destruction of Humanity - 1723 Words

Throughout human history mankind has seen itself as the most important creation in the universe. The only thing seen as greater than humanity was the gods. This is a common theme that is found in the histories of civilizations, cultures, and religions around the world. Any idea that said humans were different than this or that went against this notion was not only going against these respected institutions it was going against humanity itself. The theory of Evolution was one of the most revolutionary ideas to come forward. It used scientific research to explain how every animal adapted to its’ environment. The controversy of this idea came when Charles Darwin released his book the Descent of Man. In this book he explained how not only†¦show more content†¦A long time ago an aincent version of the tiger may not have had these stripes. Since the environment changed tigers without stripes would get killed easier. Under these conditions a few tigers must have been born wi th a few stripes on their coat. They were the ones that were fit to survive the circumstances better than the stripeless tigers. Overtime the tiger that is prevalent today is the product of natural selection, where the fittest survive. This idea in itself was not very controversial. In fact much of the scientific community at the time accepted Darwin’s 30 years’ worth of research in different continents around the world.(Darwin Bio ) The reason there was not a huge backlash against this idea at the time was that mainly scientists were the ones who understood and read it. The other reason, and the biggest one, was that Darwin left out his theory of humans evolving from animals. It wasn’t until he released The Descent of Man that governments, religious bodies, and society started to backlash. While the backlash seemed huge, it was overly exaggerated. A vast majority of people accepted the theory of evolution a few decades after it was presented by Darwin. Religiou s institutions were one group that fought back against the idea of Evolution from the beginning. However overtime, organizations such as the Catholic Church have accepting the theory. The late pope, Pope John Paul II formally stated, â€Å"†¦new knowledge leads us toShow MoreRelated Deforestation and the Elimination of Natural Habitats Essay1741 Words   |  7 Pages The more forests that are destroyed, the more harm that is brought upon every species in existence, including humanity. The worlds last rain forests are vanishing. Despite a determined international campaign waged for years by an array of conservation and government organizations, the irresistible forces of population growth and rural poverty are consuming the lush tropics as never before. 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The Technological singularity is defined by three concepts: 1.) the moment when an artificial intelligence becomes super intelligent, capable of improving itselfRead MoreCrimes Against Humanity : Genocide1414 Words   |  6 Pages Crimes against Humanity final Name: Institution: â€Æ' Crimes against humanity Introduction The law is credited with ensuring that people get justice and fair treatment in the legal system. The law prohibits the occurrence of different forms of crimes by prosecuting people that are found to participate in such incidences. One of the areas that have continued to have significance across the globe is international legal systems. Different crimes have been experienced in some parts of theRead MoreFeuerbach and Nietzsche877 Words   |  3 Pagesthat religion was a crutch for humans because of our inability to be perfect. Religions especially Christianity (Jesus) have their own destruction built in to them because of the humanity aspect. 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Bloodlines Chapter Eleven Free Essays

BEFORE CLASS THE NEXT DAY, I left a message with someone at the Alchemists’ office, telling them I needed â€Å"Mr. and Mrs. Melrose† to send a note excusing Jill from PE – or at least from outdoor activities. We will write a custom essay sample on Bloodlines Chapter Eleven or any similar topic only for you Order Now I hoped they’d move quickly on this. The Alchemists were fast when they wanted to be, but they sometimes had odd ideas of what took priority. I hoped they didn’t have the same attitude toward Jill’s misery as Keith did. But I knew not to expect any action that day, so Jill had to suffer through another PE class – and I had to suffer through watching her suffer. What was really terrible was that Jill didn’t whine or try to get out of anything. She didn’t even show any sign of last night’s breakdown. She came in with determination and optimism, as though maybe this would be the day the sun wouldn’t affect her. Yet, before long, she began to wane just as she had last time. She looked sick and tired, and my own performance faltered a little because I kept watching her, afraid she’d pass out. Micah was the saving grace. Once again, he fearlessly switched teams – this time from the very start of class. He covered for her just as he had last time, allowing her to escape the notice of teacher and classmates – well, except for Laurel, who seemed to notice – and get annoyed by – everything he did. Her eyes flicked angrily between him and Jill, and she kept flinging her hair over her shoulder to get his attention. I was a little amused to note that Micah’s attention remained solely on keeping the ball away from Jill. Micah also jumped immediately to her side when class ended and had a water bottle ready, which she accepted gratefully. I was grateful too, but seeing his concern for her dredged up all my old worries. She was good to her word, however. She returned his attentions in a friendly way, but you definitely couldn’t call it flirting. He made no secret of his intentions, though, and I still worried that it would be better if she didn’t have to deal with them. I’d meant it when I said I trusted her, but I couldn’t help but think it’d be a lot easier on everyone if he laid off in his advances. This would require A Talk. Dreading what I had to do, I caught up with Micah outside the locker rooms. We were both waiting for Jill to finish up, and I took advantage of the alone time with him. â€Å"Hey, Micah,† I said, â€Å"I need to talk to you†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Hey,† he returned brightly. His blue eyes were wide and excited. â€Å"I had an idea I wanted to run past you. If you guys aren’t able to get a note for her, maybe you could see about getting her schedule switched around? If she took PE first period, it wouldn’t be nearly as hot out yet. Maybe it wouldn’t be as hard on her. I mean, she seems like she’d like to participate in some of this stuff.† â€Å"She would,† I said slowly. â€Å"And that’s a really good idea.† â€Å"I know some people who work in the office. I’ll ask them to run some options and see if it’s even possible with the rest of her classes.† He faked a pout. â€Å"I’ll be sad not to have her in class, but it’d be worth it to know she’s not so miserable.† â€Å"Yeah,† I agreed weakly, suddenly feeling at a loss. He really had come up with a good idea. He was even unselfish enough to give up the chance to be with her in order to promote the greater good. How could I have â€Å"the talk† with him now? How could I suddenly say, â€Å"Leave my sister alone,† when he was going out of his way to be so nice? I was as bad as Eddie, avoiding confrontation with Micah. This guy was too likable for his own good. Before I could manage a response, Micah then went off in an unexpected direction. â€Å"You really should get her to a doctor, though. I don’t think she has a sun allergy.† â€Å"Oh?† I asked in surprise. â€Å"Have you not been watching her suffer through class each day?† â€Å"No, no, believe me, she’s definitely got an issue with the sun,† he assured me quickly. â€Å"But she might be misdiagnosed. I read up on sun allergies, and people usually get rashes with them. This overall weakness she gets†¦ I don’t know. I think it might be something else.† Oh no. â€Å"Like what?† â€Å"I don’t know,† he mused. â€Å"But I’ll keep researching theories and let you know.† Wonderful. PE also gave me my first glimpse at one of Amberwood’s metallic tattoos in action. Greg Slade was impossible not to watch during class, and I wasn’t the only one who got distracted. Just as Kristin and Julia had said, he really was faster and stronger. He made dives no one else was quick enough to react to. When he hit the ball, it was a wonder we didn’t hear a sonic boom shortly thereafter. This earned him praise at first, but soon, I noticed something. There was a sloppy edge to his game. He was filled with ability, yes, but sometimes it was unfocused. Those powerful hits didn’t always help because he’d blast the ball out of bounds. And in running to make a shot, he rarely considered those around him. When a guy from my English class got knocked down flat on his back, simply for being in the path of Slade and the ball, Miss Carson stopped the game and roared her displeasure about Slade’s aggression. He took it in with a sulky smirk. â€Å"Too bad Eddie’s not in this class,† Jill said afterward. â€Å"He’d be a total match for Slade.† â€Å"Maybe it’s better no one notices,† I remarked. Eddie, from what I’d heard, was already a shining star in his PE class. It was part of a dhampir’s natural athleticism, and I knew he was actually working hard not to be too good at everything. I checked in with Ms. Terwilliger after PE, happy to find my teacher fully stocked with coffee of her own. I spent most of the period going through the book and taking notes on my laptop. Partway through, she came over to check my work. â€Å"You’re very organized,† she said, looking over my shoulder. â€Å"Headings and subheadings and sub-subheadings.† â€Å"Thank you,† I said. Jared Sage had been very particular in teaching his children research skills. Ms. Terwilliger took a sip of coffee and continued reading the screen. â€Å"You didn’t list the ritual and spell steps,† she pointed out moments later. â€Å"You just summarize them in a couple lines.† Well, yes, that was the point of note-taking. â€Å"I cite all the page numbers,† I said. â€Å"If you need to check the actual components, there’s an easy reference.† â€Å"No†¦ go back and put all the steps and ingredients in your notes. I want to be able to have them all in one place.† You do have them in one place, I wanted to say. In the book. Notes were about condensing the material, not retyping the original text word for word. But Ms. Terwilliger had already wandered away, staring at her filing cabinet absentmindedly as she muttered to herself about a misplaced folder. With a sigh, I flipped back to the beginning of the book, trying not to think about how this was going to set me back. At least I was only doing this for credit and not a grade. I stayed past the late bell in an effort to make up some lost time. When I got back to my room, I had to wake up Jill, who was sound asleep after her exhausting day. â€Å"Good news,† I told her as she blinked at me with sleepy eyes. â€Å"It’s feeding day.† Definitely words I never thought I’d say. I also didn’t think I’d be excited for it. And sure, I certainly wasn’t thrilled about the idea of Jill biting into Dorothy’s neck. I was, however, feeling pretty bad for Jill and was glad she’d get some nourishment. Being on such a limited supply of blood had to make things doubly hard for her. We met up with Eddie downstairs when it was time to go. He looked Jill over worriedly. â€Å"Are you okay?† â€Å"I’m fine,† she said with a smile. She looked nowhere near as bad as she had earlier. I shuddered to think what Eddie would’ve done if he’d actually been in our class and seen her at her worst. â€Å"Why is this still going on?† he asked me. â€Å"Weren’t you going to talk to Keith?† â€Å"We’re a little delayed,† I said evasively, leading them to where Latte was parked in the student lot. â€Å"We’ll make it happen.† If the Alchemists didn’t come through with the note, I was going to try to act on Micah’s suggestion and get her switched into morning PE. â€Å"We know you will,† said Jill. I could just barely pick out the sympathy in her voice, reminding me that she knew about my fight with Keith yesterday. I hoped she wouldn’t mention it in front of Eddie and was saved when she switched to a more random and surprising topic. â€Å"Do you think we can pick up some pizza along the way? Adrian doesn’t want any more of Dorothy’s cooking.† â€Å"How terrible for him,† remarked Eddie, getting into the backseat and letting Jill ride shotgun. â€Å"Having a personal chef on hand to make him whatever he wants. I don’t know how he gets by.† I laughed, but Jill seemed outraged on Adrian’s behalf. â€Å"It’s not the same! She cooks really super-gourmet stuff.† â€Å"Still waiting for the problem,† said Eddie. â€Å"She tries to also make it really healthy. She says it’s better for Clarence. So, there’s never any salt and pepper or butter.† Jeez, how often did she and Adrian talk? â€Å"There’s no flavor or anything. It’s driving him crazy.† â€Å"Everything seems to be driving him crazy,† I remarked, remembering his plea for new lodging. â€Å"And he can’t have it too bad. Didn’t he go to LA last night?† Jill’s only answer was a frown. Nonetheless, I had a feeling we’d be hanging out at Clarence’s for a while, and I personally didn’t want to eat anything prepared in that house. So, it was more for selfish reasons that I agreed to stop at a takeout place en route and buy a few pizzas. Adrian’s face was radiant when we entered the sitting room, which – pool games aside – seemed to be his primary hangout at Clarence’s. â€Å"Jailbait,† he declared, leaping up. â€Å"You’re a saint. A goddess, even.† â€Å"Hey,† I said, â€Å"I’m the one who paid for them.† Adrian carried off one of the boxes to the couch, much to Dorothy’s dismay. She hurried off muttering about plates and napkins. Adrian gave me a conciliatory nod. â€Å"You’re okay too, Sage,† he said. â€Å"Well, well, what have we here?† Clarence came tottering into the room. I hadn’t noticed before, but he used a cane to get around. It had a crystal snake head on top, which was both impressive and scary. Just the kind of thing you’d picture for an old vampire. â€Å"Looks like a party.† Lee was with him, greeting us with smiles and nods. His eyes lingered briefly on Jill, and he made a point of sitting near her – but not too near. Jill perked up more than she had in days. Everyone was just starting to dive into the pizza when Dorothy appeared in the doorway with a new guest. I felt my eyes widen. It was Keith. â€Å"What are you doing here?† I asked, keeping my voice neutral. He winked. â€Å"Came to check in on everybody and make sure all’s well. That’s my job – to look after everyone.† Keith was chipper and friendly as he helped himself to the pizza, with no indication of the fight we’d gotten into last time. He smiled and talked to everyone as though they were all best friends, leaving me totally bewildered. No one else seemed to think anything odd about his behavior – but then, why would they? None of them had my history with Keith. No – that wasn’t quite true. Despite being deep in conversation with Eddie, Adrian paused to give me a curious look, silently asking about yesterday’s fight. He glanced at Keith and then back to me. I shrugged helplessly, letting him know I was just as confused by the change of heart. Maybe Keith regretted his outburst from yesterday. Of course, that would’ve been much easier to accept if it had come with, oh, an apology. I nibbled on a piece of cheese pizza, but mostly I observed the others. Jill was animatedly recounting her first couple of days to Adrian, noticeably leaving out any of the negative parts. He listened to her indulgently, nodding and interjecting with occasional witty quips. Some of the stuff she told him was pretty basic, and I was surprised it hadn’t come up in their phone conversations. Maybe he just had so much to say at those times that there’d been no chance for her. As it was, he made no mention of his boredom or other grievances. Clarence occasionally chatted with Eddie and Lee, but his eyes constantly strayed to Jill. There was a wistful look in his gaze, and I remembered that his niece had only been a little older than Jill. I wondered if perhaps part of the reason he’d been so willing to take us all on was in an effort to reclaim some part of the family life that had been lost to him. Keith had sat down near me, at first making me uncomfortable but then later giving me a reason to pick his brain. Seeing the others engaged in conversation, I asked him softly, â€Å"Have you ever heard of knockoff Alchemist tattoos making it into the general population?† He gave me a startled look in return. â€Å"I don’t even know what that means.† â€Å"At Amberwood, there’s this trend. There’s apparently someplace in town that gives metallic tattoos, and they have special properties – kind of like ours. Some just kind of give off a high. Others kind of have a steroid effect.† He frowned. â€Å"They’re not bound with gold, are they?† â€Å"No. Silver and copper. So, they don’t last. Probably so the people giving them can make more money.† â€Å"But they can’t be ours, then,† he argued. â€Å"We haven’t used those metals for tattoos in centuries.† â€Å"Yeah, but someone may be using Alchemist technology to create these.† â€Å"Just to get people high?† he asked. â€Å"I wouldn’t even know how you’d go about that with metallic agents.† â€Å"I have some ideas,† I said. â€Å"And let me guess. They involve narcotic mixtures.† When I nodded, he sighed and gave me a look like I was ten years old. â€Å"Sydney, it’s most likely someone’s found a crude tattooing method that’s like ours but has no connection. If so, there’s nothing we can do about it. Drugs happen. Bad things happen. If it isn’t mixed with Alchemist business, then it isn’t our business.† â€Å"But what if it is connected to Alchemist business?† I asked. He groaned. â€Å"See? This is why I was worried about you coming, this tendency you have of running off with tangents and wild theories.† â€Å"I don’t – â€Å" â€Å"Please don’t embarrass me,† he hissed, casting a glance at the others. â€Å"Not with them, not with our superiors.† His rebuke silenced me, mostly from surprise. What did he mean about this â€Å"tendency† I had? Was he actually suggesting he had made some deep psychological analysis of me years ago? The idea that I would embarrass him was ludicrous†¦ and yet his words planted a seed of doubt in me. Maybe the tattoos at Amberwood were just an unrelated fad. â€Å"How’s PE?† Adrian’s words dragged me from my own thoughts. He was still getting the summary of school from Jill. She made a face at the question. â€Å"Not great,† she admitted, giving a recap of some of the worse moments. Eddie shot me a meaningful look, similar to the one from earlier. â€Å"You can’t go on like that,† exclaimed Lee. â€Å"The sun around here’s brutal.† â€Å"I agree,† said Keith, of all people. â€Å"Sydney, why didn’t you tell me how bad it was?† I think my jaw hit the floor. â€Å"I did! That’s why I was trying to get you to contact the school.† â€Å"You didn’t really give me the whole story.† He flashed one of his sugary smiles at Jill. â€Å"Don’t worry. I’ll take care of this for you. I’ll get in touch with school officials – and the Alchemists.† â€Å"I already talked to them,† I argued. But I might as well have not said anything. Keith had already switched topics and was talking to Clarence about something irrelevant. Where had this about-face come from? Yesterday, Jill’s discomfort had been low priority. Today, Keith was her knight in shining armor. And in the process, he was suggesting that I was the one who’d screwed up. That’s his plan, I realized. He doesn’t want me here. He never has. And then something even worse occurred to me. He’s going to use this to start building a case against me. Across the room, Adrian caught my eye again. He knew. He’d been eavesdropping when I talked to Keith in the driveway. Adrian started to speak, and I knew he was going to call Keith out on his lie. It was gallant but not what I wanted. I would deal with Keith myself. â€Å"How was LA?† I asked quickly before Adrian had a chance to say anything. He looked at me curiously, no doubt wondering why I wouldn’t let him be a witness to my case. â€Å"You went there with Lee last night, right?† Adrian looked confused, but a grin smoothed over his face. â€Å"Yeah,† he said at last. â€Å"It was great. Lee showed me college life.† Lee laughed. â€Å"I wouldn’t go that far. I don’t know where you were half the night.† Adrian got this look on his face that was somehow charming but made me want to slap him at the same time. â€Å"We parted ways. I was getting to know some of the other Moroi in the area.† Even Eddie couldn’t stay silent at that. â€Å"Oh, is that what you call it?† Jill abruptly stood up. â€Å"I’m going to get my blood now. Is that okay?† There was a moment of awkward silence, largely because I don’t think anyone really knew who she was asking permission from. â€Å"Of course, my dear,† said Clarence, stepping into his role as host. â€Å"I believe Dorothy’s in the kitchen.† Jill gave a curt nod and hurried out of the room. The rest of us exchanged puzzled glances. â€Å"Is something wrong?† asked Lee, looking worried. â€Å"Should I†¦ should I go talk to her?† â€Å"She’s still just stressed,† I said, not daring to mention the screaming or crying episodes. â€Å"I thought of something that might be fun for her†¦ for all of us to do,† he said tentatively. He glanced around and then settled his gaze on me. I guess I was the designated mother here. â€Å"If you think it’s okay. I mean†¦ it’s kind of silly, but I thought we could go mini-golfing in the evening. They’ve got all these fountains and pools on the course. She’s a water user, right? She must be missing it out here.† â€Å"She does,† said Eddie, frowning. â€Å"She mentioned it yesterday.† I shivered. Keith had been texting on his phone and froze. No matter our differences, we still shared a core of similar training, and both of us were uneasy with the idea of Moroi magic. â€Å"She’d probably like that a lot,† said Adrian. He sounded reluctant to admit it. I think he was still uneasy with the idea of Lee being interested in Jill, no matter how friendly the two guys were. Lee’s idea was both innocent and conscientious. Hard to find fault with. Lee tilted his head thoughtfully. â€Å"You have a later curfew on the weekends, right? Do you want to go tonight?† It was Friday, granting us an extra hour extension at our dorm. â€Å"I’m game,† said Adrian. â€Å"Literally and figuratively.† â€Å"If Jill’s there, I’m there,† said Eddie. They looked at me. I was trapped. I wanted to go back and catch up on homework. Saying that sounded pathetic, though, and I supposed I had to represent as Jill’s only female chaperone. Besides, I reminded myself, this assignment wasn’t about me and my academics, no matter how much I pretended it was. It was about Jill. â€Å"I can go,† I said slowly. Thinking that this sounded very much like fraternizing with vampires, I glanced uneasily at Keith. He’d gone back to texting now that magic wasn’t being discussed. â€Å"Keith?† I asked by way of permission. He looked up. â€Å"Huh? Oh, I can’t go. I have to be somewhere.† I tried not to grimace. He’d misread me and thought I was inviting him. On the bright side, he also wasn’t objecting to the rest of us going. â€Å"Ah, how nice,† said Clarence. â€Å"An outing for you young people. Perhaps you’ll share a glass of wine with me first?† Dorothy was just entering with a bottle of red wine, Jill trailing behind her. Clarence smiled at Adrian. â€Å"I know you’d like a glass.† Adrian’s expression said he most definitely would. Instead, Adrian took a deep breath and shook his head. â€Å"I’d better not.† â€Å"You should,† said Jill gently. Even after a short drink of blood, she looked full of life and energy. â€Å"Can’t,† he said. â€Å"It’s the weekend,† she told him. â€Å"It’s not that big of a deal. Especially if you’re careful.† The two locked gazes and then at last, he said, â€Å"All right. Pour me a glass.† â€Å"Pour me one too, please,† said Keith. â€Å"Really?† I asked him. â€Å"I didn’t know you drank.† â€Å"I’m twenty-one,† he countered. Adrian accepted his from Dorothy. â€Å"Somehow, I’m thinking that’s not Sage’s concern. I thought Alchemists avoided alcohol the same way they do primary colors.† I glanced down. I was wearing gray. Keith was wearing brown. â€Å"One glass won’t hurt,† said Keith. I didn’t argue with him. It wasn’t my place to babysit Keith. And the Alchemists didn’t have rules against drinking per se. We had strong religious beliefs about what it meant to live a good and pure lifestyle, and drinking was generally looked down upon. Was it forbidden? No. It was a custom, one I considered important. If he didn’t, I guessed that was his choice. Keith was just bringing the glass to his lips when Adrian said, â€Å"Mmm. O positive, my favorite.† Keith sprayed out the wine he’d just drunk and promptly started coughing. I was relieved that none got on me. Jill burst into giggles, and Clarence stared at his glass wonderingly. â€Å"Is it? I thought it was a cabernet sauvignon.† â€Å"So it is,† said Adrian, straight-faced. â€Å"My mistake.† Keith gave Adrian a tight smile, like he too thought it was a funny joke, but I wasn’t fooled. Keith was mad at having been mocked, and no matter how friendly he pretended to be with everyone, his views against vampires and dhampirs were as harsh as they’d ever been. Of course, Adrian probably wasn’t helping matters any. I thought it was pretty funny, honestly, and worked to hide my smile so that Keith wouldn’t get mad at me again. It was hard to do because shortly thereafter, Adrian flashed me a secret, knowing smile that seemed to say, That’s payback for earlier. Eddie glanced at Jill. â€Å"I’m glad you got your blood today. I know you’ve been wanting to learn some defense moves, but I wanted to wait until you were back up to strength.† Jill lit up. â€Å"Can we do it tomorrow?† â€Å"Of course,† he said, looking nearly as delighted by this as she did. Keith frowned. â€Å"Why should she learn to fight when she’s got you around?† Eddie shrugged. â€Å"Because she wants to, and she should have every edge she can get.† He didn’t specifically mention the attempts on her life – not in front of Lee and Clarence – but the rest of us understood. â€Å"I thought Moroi weren’t good at fighting, though,† said Keith. â€Å"Mostly because they haven’t trained for it. They aren’t as strong as us, sure, but their reflexes are better than yours,† explained Eddie. â€Å"It’s just a matter of learning the skills and having a good teacher.† â€Å"Like you?† I teased. â€Å"I’m not bad,† he said modestly. â€Å"I can train anyone who wants to learn.† He elbowed Adrian, who was reaching for the wine and a refill. â€Å"Even this guy.† â€Å"No, thank you,† said Adrian. â€Å"These hands don’t sully themselves with fighting.† â€Å"Or with manual labor,† I remarked, recalling past comments of his. â€Å"Exactly,† he said. â€Å"But maybe you should have Castile show you how to throw a punch, Sage. It might come in handy. Seems like a skill a plucky young woman like yourself should possess.† â€Å"Well, thanks for the vote of confidence, but I’m not really sure when I’d need it,† I said. â€Å"Of course she needs to learn!† Clarence’s exclamation caught all of us by surprise. I’d actually thought he was dozing off since he’d had his eyes closed moments ago. But now, he was leaning forward with a zealous expression. I cringed under the intensity of his stare. â€Å"You must learn to protect yourself!† He pointed at me, then moved on to Jill. â€Å"And you. Promise me you’ll learn to defend yourself. Promise me.† Jill’s light green eyes went wide with shock. She tried to give him a reassuring smile, though it was tinged with uneasiness. â€Å"Of course, Mr. Donahue. I’m trying to. And until then, I’ve got Eddie to protect me from Strigoi.† â€Å"Not Strigoi!† His voice dropped to a whisper. â€Å"The vampire hunters.† None of us said anything. Lee looked mortified. Clarence squeezed his wineglass so tightly that I worried it would break. â€Å"No one talked about this back then – about defending ourselves. Maybe if Tamara had learned something, she wouldn’t have been killed. It’s not too late for you – for either of you.† â€Å"Dad, we’ve been over this,† said Lee. Clarence ignored him. The old man’s gaze flicked between me and Jill, and I wondered if he even knew I was human. Or maybe it didn’t matter. Maybe he just had a slightly deranged protective instinct toward all girls the same age as Tamara. I kind of expected Keith to tactlessly point out that there were no such things as vampire hunters, but he was uncharacteristically quiet. Eddie was the one who finally spoke, his words soothing and kind. He so often gave off the impression of a do-or-die warrior that it was surprising to realize he was actually very compassionate. â€Å"Don’t worry,† said Eddie. â€Å"I’ll help them. I’ll keep them safe and make sure nothing bad happens to them, okay?† Clarence still looked agitated but focused on Eddie hopefully. â€Å"You promise? You won’t let them kill Tamara again?† â€Å"I promise,† said Eddie, in no way indicating how weird the request was. Clarence studied Eddie a few more seconds and then nodded. â€Å"You’re a good boy.† He reached for the wine bottle and topped off his glass. â€Å"More?† he asked Adrian, as though nothing had happened. â€Å"Yes, please,† said Adrian, holding out his glass. We continued the conversation as though nothing had happened, but the shadow of Clarence’s words continued to hang over me. How to cite Bloodlines Chapter Eleven, Essay examples

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Question: Based on Current Australian food trends in 2017 what is your view point of trends in 2018 and beyond. Answer: Introduction The food industry in Australia had humble beginnings and with the arrival of Anglo-australians agriculture and animal husbandry started about 200 years ago. The indigenous people remained hunter gatherers before joining the mainstream. The use of meat, dairy, wheat, vegetables and fruit was the mainstay of the Australian diet. Much of the progress in the food market occurred after automation happened in the post world war II period, the advent of railways, motor vehicles and refrigeration allowed the food industry to process foods on a large scale. The convergence of people from several countries on Australian soil saw the restaurant industry catering to a clientele that wanted to try a variety of cuisines. Chinese, Vietnamese, Greek, Italian, Japanese and other cuisines were appreciated and continue to remain in demand. Television commercials promoted marketing of processed foods and continues to influence people's food choices. Trends in food change every year and sustainable foods , healthy foods and foods that customer's demand have to be provided by the industry. Indigenous foods have also begun to appear on dining tables across Australia. History of Australian food The indigenous people were hunter gatherers and not known for culinary skills. Their food is referred to as Bush Tucker and is known for its benefits in prevention of disease Most of the history of Australian food began when the British settlers arrived. They knew how to domesticate animals and plants and brought culinary skills from their land. The rations on the first fleet were straight from the English grocers and included bread, cheese and oatmeal, vinegar, dried peas and salted meat. In the coming years these were replaced by foods from countries closer to Australia and India, China and the south east countries shipped sugar, tea, flour and salted meat with local spirits. The only recipe guide from in1864 was authored by Caroline Chisholm that gave recipes for seven different ways to combine meat and flour. Upto 1880, most of the food other than meat was imported, but then the railways opened up the possibility of transporting agricultural produce - wheat, sugar, fruit and milk became freely available. Before the refrigerator became common, milk, bread, green grocery, meat and even ice were delivered to homes. Then came the era of the first processed foods. Rosella's tomato sauce, IXL jams, Arnott's biscuits, Small's and MacRobertson's chocolates and the white flour from Roller mills came into the Australian markets and then households. Beer gained the status of the national drink around 1888, when the American beer sold under the brand of Foster's, sold their product bottled and pasteurized. Baking gained status when the raw ingredients - eggs, flour, butter, desiccated coconut, cornflakes and cookbooks with recipes on cakes and puddings became commonplace. Gas-fired and wood-fired ovens became common in households and baking at home caught the fancy of Australians. Lamingtons, shepherd's pie and Irish stew made popular Sunday lunches. these developments occurred in 1900. Cooking in homes did not change much until the 1950s when in the post world war II era, the ammunition factories started manufacturing refrigerators and cars for domestic use. By 1955, according to records from Kelvinator, 70% homes had a fridge. this brought in the era of frozen foods. Supermarket aisles now had the refrigerated sections and since then a multitude of frozen foods invaded the Australian tables. Cars facilitated the transport of food to homes. Consumption must have soared around the same time. How has multiculturalism impacted on hospitality and food industries Around the same time Australians began to travel for leisure and brought home food experiences from Italy, France and the rest of Europe. Cookbooks featuring foreign cuisines became routine and the restaurant industry took off, a 12-14% growth in the eating out industry started taking place by the 1960s. The next innovation that had taken the then food industry by storm was- television, that became common during the 1956 Olympic games. Marketing, packaging, advertising and increasing diversity of available foods saw the major food chains start operations and take-away food became common. The use of zucchinis, capsicums, artichokes, garlic and eggplants began in the 50s due to Italian and Greek influences. The 60s saw the advent of frozen meals and McDonald's, Kentucky and Pizza Hut into Australia. The influence of American food culture had entered the continent and large portions, family packs, sugared beverages, high fat chips and patties were soon becoming staples of the new generation. Since then Australian food has evolved and has its own cuisine. The meat pie, the Pavlova - the dessert meringue and the Anzac (Australia and New Zealand Army Core- World War I) biscuits are uniquely Australian in origin. Due to its proximity to Asia, many Asians settled in Australia and brought in their food influences. Chinese, Vietnamese, Thai and Indian restaurants dot cityscapes - from street food to fine dining, to please customer palates as they cater to an Australia that has become increasingly multicultural. Japanese, Greek, Lebanese and Malaysian cuisine in restaurants became common place. Most of these restaurants marked the presence of immigrants from these countries, with many being run by ethnic restaurateurs. Later, the arrival of the Syrians, the Turkish, the Greek and the Germans added their culinary traditions (Symons, 2014). Many food outlets now cater to what is termed as the contemporary Australian gourmand. Kiwifruit, sun-dried tomatoes, pork belly and spices such as, star anise were first adopted by culinary chefs, found favour with home cooks and now have become integral to the Australian food scene and are stocked in supermarkets. The celebrity chefs and their expertise has catapulted the gastronomic scene to dizzying heights. The use of food ingredients from all parts of the world and the techniques used for cooking are an area of dynamic growth and delight food lovers and relay new ideas to viewers of shows such as MasterChef. Current food trends The modern Australian may even be an advocate of sustainable food choices. As broilers chicken is replaced with free range ones, growing herbs on window sills is a trend that signals a return to roots. The changed food pyramid that has vegetables and fruit in place of cereals signals an era of changed food choices for health reasons. Sugary beverages are on their way out and are being replaced with fermented beverages, such as, ginger beer, coconut kefir and kombucha (Boys, 2017). Their probiotic benefits are a big hit with a generation that wants to prevent cancer, diabetes and obesity with foods. In 2017, Mediterranean cuisine saw an upswing in the culinary market due to the healthy 'tag' on olive oil, fruit, salads, and use of fresh produce. Lean meat alternatives of smoked elk, carpaccio and venison tartare replaced the red meats. The techniques of charring, smoking and blistering are a current rage on the chef's menus. Cardamom, cumin and turmeric are the heroes among the spices , largely due to their novelty and health benefits. The use of cayenne pepper in chocolates and ice-creams has taken experimental palates to a different zone. Cocktails have derived inspiration from the South American continent (Finedininglovers, 2017). Vegan food made a weak beginning but the variety of food and the insistence of the clients, the food industry has responded with a rich variety of vegan foods. The health benefits have helped people fight and prevent lifestyle diseases (Ausfoodnews, /top-foodie-trends-for-the-remainder-of-2016.html, 2016). The demand for healthy food and beverages at restaurants has forced chefs to revamp menus and introduce fare that has healthy ingredients (Ausfoodnews, restaurants-feel-pinch-healthy-food-hits-takings.html, 2016). It may have lowered their profits due to the high costs of healthy ingredients, but the trend is here to stay. The competitiveness of the restaurant industry may not allow profit margins to increase just yet (Ausfoodnews, /food-trends). Based on current food trends what will be the food trends in 2018 and beyond Considering the food trends that have dominated the food scene in 2017, 2018 is likely to continue with the trend for healthy food from across the world cuisines. Vegetarian food may become a trend and faux meat made with vegetarian ingredients could become a trend. Use of ancient grains, such as, lesser known millets from around the world could be used in food and fermented for beverages. Coconut could continue being the super food ingredient for 2018 and much of its potential can continue to be explored. Consumption of sugar by consumers may hit an all time low and more and more processed food with savoury tastes may hit shelves. The demand for authentic food from distant locales may require that chefs trained in authentic food preparation will be in demand. Preference for organic foods will see demand increase for foods without chemical additives. Fancy foods from areas that remain unexplored could become a new craze. Indulging in lean foods could be the new fad. Recommendations: Will Australians embrace Australian food? It is only now that some acceptance to indigenous food choices is emerging among the settlers. Consumption of Kangaroo meat is now legal and is stocked in supermarkets. Since it is a lean meat it conforms to the present day trend of eating healthy meat. Consumption of beef has gone down, due to exports owing to its popularity in the Asian market and because chicken is considered healthier than beef. Several other foods from the Bush tuck has made inroads into mainstream cuisine (Symons, 2014). This trend of rediscovering cuisine from their own land is rather unique to Australia. As the world goes local with their preferences for food, Australia's hidden gems in 'local' are being experienced for the first time ever (Newton Ashton, 2016). Quangdongs, akudjura or bush tomatoes have only recently been tried by the Anglo-australians, who otherwise have become not just multicultural but multiculinary as they embrace the food brought in by immigrants from all over the world (Sbs, 2015). Conclusion In conclusion, the evolution of the food industry in Australia has been interesting. The continent has been a melting pot of several cultures and this has impacted the food scenario. Like all countries, Australia moved from a society that had to bear food rations to a time of plenty. The multitude of available food choices from all over the world have evolved the market for raw, cooked and processed food into a mature market that boasts of variety and quality. The current trend of sustainable agriculture, preference for meat from free range farm animals has replaced that of mechanisation in food production. Healthy foods and low sugar consumption are the newer trends that the food industry is fast adapting to. References Ausfoodnews. (n.d.). /food-trends. Retrieved from https://www.ausfoodnews.com.au/: https://www.ausfoodnews.com.au/tag/food-trends Ausfoodnews. (2016, August 29). /top-foodie-trends-for-the-remainder-of-2016.html. Retrieved from https://www.ausfoodnews.com.au: https://www.ausfoodnews.com.au/2016/08/29/top-foodie-trends-for-the-remainder-of-2016.html Ausfoodnews. (2016, October 17). restaurants-feel-pinch-healthy-food-hits-takings.html. Retrieved from https://www.ausfoodnews.com.au: https://www.ausfoodnews.com.au/2016/10/17/restaurants-feel-pinch-healthy-food-hits-takings.html Boys, C. (2017, January 5). food-and-drink-predictions-for-2017-20161219-gte8kh. Retrieved from https://www.goodfood.com.au: https://www.goodfood.com.au/eat-out/news/food-and-drink-predictions-for-2017-20161219-gte8kh Finedininglovers. (2017). food-and-drink-trends-2017/. Retrieved from https://www.finedininglovers.com: https://www.finedininglovers.com/blog/news-trends/food-and-drink-trends-2017/ Newton, J., Ashton, P. (2016). /opinion-can-we-be-australian-without-eating-indigenous-food/. Retrieved from https://www.australiangeographic.com.au: https://www.australiangeographic.com.au/topics/history-culture/2016/05/opinion-can-we-be-australian-without-eating-indigenous-food/ Sbs. (2015, May 20). about-native-australian-food. Retrieved from https://www.sbs.com.au: https://www.sbs.com.au/food/article/2008/07/01/about-native-australian-food Symons, M. (2014). /australias-cuisine-culture-a-history-of-food. Retrieved from https://www.australiangeographic.com.au: https://www.australiangeographic.com.au/topics/history-culture/2014/06/australias-cuisine-culture-a-history-of-food